Method to visualize very early stage neoplasm or other lesions

ABSTRACT

A method for evaluating treatment outcome in a patient having a genetic predisposition for a malignant neoplasm before clinical manifestation of the neoplasm can be seen radiographically. The method permits visualization of any tumor, whether located externally on a patient&#39;s body or located internally in the body, and as small as 2 mm in diameter, using a biomarker. The method uses biomarkers conjugated with nanoparticles which include but are not limited to quantum dots, with the conjugated form collectively termed functionalized nanoparticles, that are heated under specified conditions to produce a photoacoustic signal that is then visualized to locate and/or treat the tumor.

A method for evaluating treatment outcome in a patient having a genetic predisposition for a malignant neoplasm before clinical manifestation of the neoplasm can be seen radiographically. The method permits visualization of any tumor, whether located externally on a patient's body or located internally in the body, and as small as 2 mm in diameter, producing a biomarker, either a biomarker specific for the tumor or a general biomarker.

In general, a biomarker indicates a disease process. As subsequently described, a biomarker can be a protein, antigen, enzyme, hormone, carbohydrate, toxin, DNA, an organism such as bacteria, tumor cell, exosome, or indirectly an antibody, present in a liquid biopsy specimen. It can be produced by the plasma cells, against a tumor antigen, etc.

The method uses antibodies conjugated with nanoparticles which include but are not limited to quantum dots, with the conjugated form collectively termed functionalized nanoparticles, that are heated under specified conditions to produce a photoacoustic signal that is then visualized to locate the tumor to which the nanoparticles are attached. Nanoparticles may be used for qualitative and quantitative assessment of an analyte in the blood or other tissue using photoacoustic technology, U.S. Pat. No. 8,554,296. As previously stated, as used herein, unless specifically stated otherwise, nanoparticles include but are not limited to quantum dots.

Early stage small neoplastic cells produce biomarkers that are either specific to the tumor cells or that represent the body's response to the tumor as an antibody. The biomarkers can be proteomic, genetic, epigenetic or glycomic biomolecules. These biomolecules can be recognized in the patient's tissue samples or in the blood. Their existence can be demonstrated thus far chemically using, e.g., immunoassay or PCR methods. Quantitation of these biomarkers is also important to determine disease progression and prognosis.

Biomarkers for many diseases are found in the blood. As subsequently disclosed, biomarkers detected in a liquid biopsy sample are used to generate antibodies against them using known methods in the art. The anti-tumor antibodies are used to coat nanoparticles in the inventive method, where a lesion can be imaged regardless of the lesion size or location in the body. The method is not limited to tumor detection and/or therapy. As only one example, detecting an antibody against anti-β-amyloid protein plaque present in Alzheimer's disease in a liquid biopsy specimen, the method renders the plaque visible with the nanoparticles and accessible to the inventive treatment. As another example, the method can also be used to detect and/or treat inflammatory processes, etc.

The inventive method is applicable to any processes or diseases that produce a biomarker detectable in a liquid biopsy specimen. It is applicable to a lesion including an abscess, an ulcer, a tumor either benign or malignant, an ischemic area of stroke and/or an area of the brain affected by a stroke whether visible or microscopically.

Well over a thousand proteins are differentially expressed in human cancers and thus may serve as biomarkers. Such proteins play a role in cancer-related processes such as angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell differentiation, cell signaling, hematopoiesis, hormonal control, immune reactions, etc. Exemplary biomarkers include, but are not limited to, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for both malignant pleural effusion and peritoneal cancer dissemination; human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2/neu) for stage IV breast cancer; bladder tumor antigen for urothelial cell carcinoma; thyroglobulin for thyroid cancer metastasis; α-fetoprotein for hepatocellular carcinoma; prostate specific antigen (PSA) for prostate cancer; cancer antigen 125 (CA 125) for non-small cell lung cancer; cancer antigen 19.9 (CA 19.9) for pancreatic cancer; cancer antigen 15.3 (CA 15.3) for breast cancer; the combination of leptin, prolactin, osteopontin, and insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) for ovarian cancer; the combination of CD98, fascin, secreted chain of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (sPIgR), and 14-3-3 eta proteins for lung cancer; troponin I for myocardial infarction, and B-type natriuretic peptide for congestive heart failure. While the previous nine proteins are the only approved markers for cancer testing to date, they are but a small fraction of the total number of available biomarkers, and their sensitivity and specific vary.

Other common biomarkers include the estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor (ER/PR), HER-2/neu, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) for breast cancer, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1)-associated with serum HER2-positive breast cancer; Kirsten Ras oncogene (KRAS) and UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A (UGT1A1) for colorectal cancer; HER-2/neu for gastric cancer, c-KIT, CD20 antigen, CD30, and factoril interacting with PAPOLA and CPSF1-platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha fusion protein (FIP1L1-PDGRF alpha), and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST); Philadelphia Chromosome (BCR/ABL)/PML/RAR alpha and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (TPMT/UGT1A1/ALK EGFR) for leukemia/lymphoma; KRAS/EGFR for lung cancer, and BRAF and S100 for melanoma.

Other examples of biomarkers include tumor suppressors that are lost in cancers, such as Breast Cancer Gene 1 (BRCA1), Breast Cancer Gene 2 (BRCA2); RNA such as mRNA, microRNA; proteins found in body fluids or tissue such as prostate specific antigen and CA-125; gene and protein based biomarkers; and nonspecific biomarkers such as

glycosaminoglycans in body fluids; alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline in skeletal involvement; hyaluronic acid excretion and urinary hydroxyproline in bone disease, and combinations thereof.

In malignancies, the biomarkers may be released into the circulation either prior to or after the tumor has grown sufficiently to become metastatic. Small tumors (less than about 2 mm) seldom have any clinical manifestations, however even such small tumors can release chemical and/or biomarkers into the circulation.

The existence of biomarkers in the circulation has been known, but has not met the threshold for locating tumor cells that could not be imaged radiographically or by ultrasound as long as the tumors were asymptomatic. Available imaging methods such as x-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI, computed tomography (CT) scans, CT ultrasound, etc. may not permit visualization of lesions smaller than about 3 mm in diameter. This has been the case for most malignant tumors, or when a malignant tumor is created from a benign precursor lesion such as nevus, breast unspecific cyst or unspecific scar, prostate tumors along with benign prostate hypertrophy or uterus cancer inside the uterus fibroma, melanoma inside a skin nevus or in a seborrheic keratosis, etc. Moreover, it is often difficult to follow a cancerous tumor which has been irradiated but may still harbor malignant cells, and that can start growing with time and metastasize before it shows a local growth that is detected by conventional imaging or other methods.

The diagnosis of a malignant tumor may be extremely difficult, even when a tumor is visible clinically or radiologically, e.g. a uterus fibroma that may have some malignant transformation. Moreover, a diagnosis also affects the decision whether or not and also how to remove the tumor. As one example, accessing the uterus through a small incision, and removing the tumor piece by piece using an endoscope and a cutting probe, has a fast post-operative recovery. Such a method is in contrast to completely removing the uterus with the tumor intact out of caution that the tumor may harbor neoplastic cells, but using a large incision with significantly higher operative risks and post-operative complication probabilities. Another, more problematic example, is the decision for a woman having genetic disposition to breast cancer without any physical or radiological manifestation. The woman must endure the stress and fear not knowing if or when she may develop breast cancer, and must consider prophylactic removal of both breasts. As another example, a personal decision whether or not to undergo radiation therapy when a nevus is discovered under the retina, and biopsy results that often do not provide definitive information because of the diversity of the cells in the entire area of the tumor.

When the tumor site is unknown, locating a biomarker in the circulation may be akin to finding a needle in a hay stack. For any particular tumor or cancer, not all biomarkers are even known. Similarly, finding a micro DNA in the circulation may not provide an answer when the tumor is either invisible or has already metastasized. An example of this occurs in patients with uveal melanomas, having a mortality rate of about 50%, even if the tumors undergoes radiation, at the time the ophthalmologist discovers the tumor. This points to the fact that a malignant tumor can metastasize very early, at times even when the size of the tumor is about 2 mm in diameter which is equal to about one million cells. In general, these lesions do not have any symptoms.

The inventive method makes it possible to evaluate a patient with genetic predisposition of a malignant neoplasm before its clinical manifestation can be seen radiographically.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a schematic of the treatment evaluation method.

In one embodiment, the presence of one or more biomarkers is evaluated in any body fluid or organ. Exemplary bodily fluids include, but are not limited to, urine, blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), eye cavity fluid, tear film, sputum, fluid obtained from the trachea, bronchi, abdominal cavity, vagina, uterus etc. The biomarkers are analyzed in vitro by methods known in the art, e.g., immunoassays including enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), Western blots, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), etc. The biomarkers are then conjugated with functionalized antibody coated nanoparticles and/or quantum dots, as known in the art.

In one embodiment one obtains a liquid biopsy sample. Such a sample may be obtained from, e.g., blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CFS), aqueous or vitreous or abdominal cavity fluid, lymph node fluid, bladder fluid, milk duct fluid, sputum, gastric fluid, bile duct fluid, sinus fluid, etc. The patient may or may not have any clinical symptom. The patient may or may not have history of a family disposition for tumors in and/or cancer of the breast, brain, lung, prostate, ovary, pancreas, etc., or a genetic abnormality leading to progression in diseases such as, e.g., Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, post traumatic brain syndrome, brain tumor, other neurological disease, age related macular degeneration, an infectious disease, an immune response, etc. The method evaluates the components of the sample for cell free nucleic acid-based biomarkers including but not limited to micoRNA and microDNA; protein-based biomarkers, extracellular vesicle (EV)-based biomarkers that are contained within exosomes, extracellular vesicles, or microvesicles, and circulating tumor cell (CTC)-based biomarkers. The method uses methodologies such as next generation sequencing (NGS) or recombinant affinity reagents fabricated into nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes, nanowires, quantum dots, or gold nanoshells, to enhance their detection with the use of, e.g., surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), as known in the art.

For example, if a known tumor exists and there is a known biomarker for the tumor, one may have or prepare an antibody against the tumor to be used in both imaging and therapy. Large tumors with symptoms can be imaged, but before the inventive method, there was a problem when a biomarker was present in a liquid biopsy specimen but the tumor was invisible, e.g., an early stage of a tumor, and there was no symptomatic or radiographic evidence of the tumor.

Detecting a tumor biomarker, typically a protein or a glycoprotein, in a liquid biopsy specimen is facilitated by the inventive methods. Once detected, an antibody against that tumor biomarker can be prepared. The antitumor biomarker antibody is used to located the tumor. Antibody production is a well-known method in the art, and it will be appreciated that the antibody against either or both of the tumor biomarker and the tumor cell may be recombinant, monoclonal, polyclonal, or an aptamer. The prepared antitumor cell antibodies are conjugated with nanoparticles and administered to a patient, where they target the tumor cells and can be detected and/or treated. Detection is by photoacoustic imaging technology. Treatment is at least by one of thermal energy. The photoacoustic detection and thermal treatment is described herein.

In one embodiment, any specific tumor related biomarker may be used. One example uses trastuzumab or herceptin, a recombinant monoclonal antibody, against the oncogene HER-2, previously mentioned, which is a member of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER/EGFR/ERBB) family. Other examples of known monoclonal antibodies or biologics include, but are not limited to, rituximab, cetuximab, racotunomab, obinotuzumab, pertuzumab, belaniatumomab, bevacizumab, nivolumab, ofatumumab, botezomib, daratumumab, ipilumumab, pembrolizumab, and daratumumab.

In one embodiment, in the absence of a specific biomarker, antibodies against biomarkers that are shared by a number of the tumors may be used. Such biomarkers include glycosaminoglycan, which is specific for a group of cancers such as bladder, gastrointestinal, glioblastoma, etc. Antibodies against such biomarkers are then conjugated with nanoparticles, termed functionalized nanoparticles. The term “functionalized” indicates nanoparticles that have been coated to render them soluble, biocompatible, and/or targeted by conjugating them with a biomolecule such as an antibody.

In one embodiment the nanoparticle may be one or more of the following compounds or contain one or more of the following components: quantum dots, nanowires, nanotubes, nanoshells, nanocages, perovskites, nanoparticles that are magnetic such as iron or iron oxide, paramagnetic, or nanoparticles that are non-magnetic such as gold, gold-silica, gold-iron, silica coated gold nanospheres and nanorods, ferritic, quartz, graphene, carbon, zinc oxide, piezoelectric, etc. Any of these nanoparticles, alone or in combination, may be conjugated or otherwise associated with the biomarkers' antibodies, using methods known in the art.

In another embodiment, self-assembling bio/nano hybrid material consisting of two constituents at the nanometer or molecular level composed of inorganic and organic compounds, having amphiphilic characteristics, i.e., hydrophilic and lipophilic components or micelles, which may be radioactive (e.g., Cu⁶⁴) or radioactive (e.g., tin) are prepared with biocompatible coatings and administered in the body for both therapy and imaging.

In one embodiment, the functionalized nanoparticles travel in the body and attach to receptors of desired cells, e.g., tumors, Alzheimer's plaque, drusen of the retina, etc. These nanoparticles are imaged by applying external thermal energy and/or by applying a reversible or alternating magnetic field. The thermal energy causes the nanoparticles to expand, producing an ultrasound wave in the tissue. The ultrasound wave can be detected by an ultrasonic receiver which is imaged in two to three dimensional formats as a tomogram. In another embodiment the plaques in Alzheimer's disease, and the drusen in age related macular degeneration, are rendered visible using silica coated nanoparticles <2 nm in diameter administered with turmeric, glycosaminoglycan, amyloid antibody, or percolan, etc. and are quantified. In another embodiment, the nanoparticles are conjugated with antibodies, medications, sterols, antibiotics, antifungals, antibacterials, antiproliferative agents, etc. that can be released from silica coated gold nanoparticles when coated with thermosensitive polymers, e.g., chitosan coated nanoparticles heated to 40° C.-42° C., to treat various diseases including bacteria, fungi, parasites, plaque, drusen, etc. In another embodiment, the plaques and drusen can be quantified by imaging using light, MRI, photoacoustic technology imaging, etc.

In another embodiment, the functionalized anti-biomarker-conjugated nanoparticle, ranges in size from 1 nm to 900 nm. In another embodiment, the functionalized biomarker ranges in size from 1 nm to 8 nm, chosen to enhance their elimination through the kidney for facilitated clearance.

In one embodiment, the nanoparticles are rendered magnetic by coating with a thin film of iron oxide prior to their conjugation with biomarkers' antibodies.

In one embodiment, the nanoparticles are rendered more biocompatible by coating with a compound, including but not limited to the following: (poly)ethylene glycol, cell penetrating peptide (CPP), activating CPP (ACPP), biotin, streptavidin, etc., as known in the art, prior to their injection in the body.

Thermal energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation, ultrasound, or an alternating magnetic field is applied, under the control of a photoacoustic imaging system, to the organ suspected of potentially harboring an as yet invisible neoplasm. The thermal energy applied increases the temperature of the exposed nanoparticle, and creates a photoacoustic image or tomogram of the accumulated heated nanoparticles. This image or tomogram represents a suspected neoplasm in that organ, and is compared to an image taken without the thermal application radiographically.

In one embodiment, one administers functionalized antibody-coated nanoparticles that, once attached to tumor cells, become visible with a photoacoustic imaging unit that corroborates with an image obtained or not seen with other technology such as ultrasound, MRI, PET, CT scan, etc. In one embodiment, the images obtained with other instruments are either overlapped using a processor or are taken simultaneously during photacoustic imaging. In one embodiment, after administration of the antibody-coated nanoparticle, an MRI image is overlapped with the photoacoustic image and compared by a processor to verify the changes in the imaged area.

In one embodiment, the nanoparticles are incorporated in liposomes. In this embodiment, they may contain medications that, upon attainment of a specific tumor temperature, are released. The type of medication is not limited, and can include anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, antineoplastic, antiinflammatory such as acetyl cycline, anti-beta-amyloid protein, other antibodies, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, immune stimulating agents, anti-VEGF agents, anti-aggregation agents such as sterols, etc.

In another embodiment, antibody-coated nanoparticles conjugated with thermosensitive polymers such as chitosan, carrying any medication including but not limited to sterol, squalamine, lanosterol, is administered to a patient having a neurologic pathology such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, or age related retinal drusen, etc. In this embodiment, administration is either intravenous or local in the cerebrospinal fluid or vitreous cavity, respectively, or at another local site. After controllably increasing the temperature of the functionalized nanoparticle to between 40° C.-43° C. by increased energy delivery through a delivery source, under the control of the photoacoustic imaging system and a processor, the temperature-sensitive coating polymers such as chitosan melts and release medications specific to the pathology. For example, a medication to dissolve amyloid plaques would be administered to a patient with Alzheimer's disease; a medication to remove retinal drusen would be administered to a patient with age related retinal disease, etc.

In one embodiment, the functionalized nanoparticle, e.g., a nanoshell, nanocage, etc., is combined with biodendrimers that are conjugated with biomarkers and monoclonal antibodies and/or genes, e.g., siRNA, mRNA, etc., for simultaneous visualization and therapy.

In another embodiment, after thermal imaging one increases the temperature of the functionalized nanoparticles. This is achieved by increased energy delivered by a thermal delivery source under the control of the photoacoustic imaging system connected to a processor. The energy delivery unit increases the temperature of the functionalized nanoparticles to 42° C.-43° C. to melt the temperature-sensitive coating polymers such as chitosan and release anticancer medications, or inhibitory genes, siRNA, miRNA, or checkpoint inhibitors, or introduce missing genes, or add any other genes for gene editing from the thermosensitive coating of the nanoparticles along with a CRISPR complex to modify the genetic composition of the tumor cells, etc. In another embodiment, the temperature of the functionalized nanoparticles is increased, by the thermal delivery unit via a processor under the control of the photoacoustic imaging unit, to image the temperature and control it to 45° C.-47° C., to 47° C., or to 50° C. to kill the suspected tumor to which the antibody-coated nanoparticles are attached.

In one embodiment, one synthetizes hybrid, very small (1 nm-8 nm) gold silica nanoparticles that have a dual function, the nanoparticles antibody coated for imaging, and having photovoltaic and magnetic properties, to release one or more gene(s) or medication(s) at certain temperatures, creating a photoacoustic response for imaging in the body by light stimulation in the eye for simultaneous imaging and therapy.

In one embodiment, using antibody coated quantum dots and light of a specific wavelength that is absorbed by the quantum dot and emits light of a different wavelength, one can render the moving tumor cells and extracellular vesicle visible attached to the quantum dots in the retinal or choroidal vessels, or vessels and tumors of the skin, or tumors located beneath the skin and their feeding vessels, by light absorbed by the quantum dots circulating in the vessels, as is done in fluorescence angiography with appropriate filters and camera.

In another embodiment, a gold quantum dot in a mesoporous silica shell or cage is coated with an antibody or a biomarker to any cell, e.g., neuronal or tumor cells, retinal drusen, Alzheimer plaques, etc. for delivering medication or gene to an organ, e.g., retina or brain.

In another embodiment, the extent of plaque or drusen, as an indicator of disease progression in the brain or eye, respectively, can be evaluated by conjugating nanoparticles with antibodies to glycosaminoglycan, heparan sulfate, glucosaminoglycan, and/or heparin sulfate proteoglycan, and injecting the composition into the body or locally to adhere to plaques or drusen for diagnosis, quantitation, and/or therapy with antibodies and medication.

In another embodiment the nanoparticles are used for simultaneous imaging and thermotherapy of very small tumors. The nanoparticles are heated to a temperature ranging from 41° C.-43° C., releasing anti-cancer medication, along with inhibitory siRNA, or modify a gene using the CRISPR cas9 system or another CRISPR system, additionally releasing checkpoint inhibitors such as CTLA-4 or PD-1 along with tumoricidal vectors, etc.

In one embodiment, the nanoparticles are rendered radioactive by coating with alpha or beta radiators that are antibody specific or nonspecific biomarkers of the tumor. The nanoparticles can also be coated with heat sensitive polymers, including but not limited to chitosan, PEG, poly amino esters, etc.

In one embodiment, checkpoint inhibitors defined as immune system components that act as co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory molecules, poisons such as bee or snake venom, or other toxic agents that damage tumor cell membranes, or genes that inhibit tumor growth, siRNA, siDNA, mi RNA, mDNA along with the CRISPR cas 9 complex or variations of these may be used.

In one embodiment, the nanoparticles are coated with a specific or a nonspecific biomarker such as glycosaminoglycan and injected into the circulation, into a body fluid such as the lymphatic system or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or inside a body cavity. Examples of injection sites include, but are not limited to, eye, sinuses, abdominal cavity, bladder, uterus, etc. The nanoparticles may also be injected into the breast ducts, e.g., through the nipple, inside the brain, into the prostate or other organ, or may even be applied topically. The injected nanoparticles circulate and seek cells bearing a receptor to their antibody, or perhaps cells with specific receptors or biomolecules, and readily attach within minutes or hours.

In one embodiment, specific or non-specific biomarkers' antibodies are conjugated with nanoparticles and injected either into circulation or locally into a body cavity. The nanoparticles travel and seek cells bearing specific receptors or biomolecules, and attach within a few hours. The patient's body or organ is then scanned, with the thermal energy producing radiation or an alternating or reversible magnetic field to heat the nanoparticles. Using photoacoustic technology, the sound wave generated by the thermal expansion of the nanoparticle induced by absorption of the thermal energy is recorded. The sound wave signals may originate from any part of the body, or from a specific organ.

In one embodiment, an alternating magnetic field produces heat in magnetic nanoparticles as a result of rapid circular or semicircular motion of the nanoparticles. The patient's body is scanned within the reversible magnetic field, and the photoacoustic sound is recorded as a temperature profile of the site of the nanoparticle/cell membrane imaged and location of the lesion is verified.

In another embodiment, other source of thermal energy are used. Such sources include, but are not limited to, electromagnetic radiation, visible light, invisible light, infrared radiation, microwaves, or radiofrequency waves, etc. The nanoparticles are heated from body temperature of 37° C. to 40° C. or 43° C., or if needed to 45° C. At the desired temperature, e.g., 41° C.-43° C., the heat sensitive coating of the nanoparticle melts, releasing its cargo of, e.g., medication, gene, etc., thus facilitating or enhancing passage of these compounds through the membrane of the neoplastic cells.

In another embodiment, use of a photoacoustic technology unit controls the thermal delivery unit and the thermal energy delivered to the nanoparticles to maintain or reach a predetermined temperature for a desired time.

In one embodiment, the temperatures rise of the nanoparticles expands them, producing a photoacoustic sound wave. This photoacoustic sound wave is recorded by one or multiple ultrasonic receivers located on the patient's skin. The signal can be obtained from any part of the body, or from a specific organ, since the signal travels through the body as a wave. The signal or sound pulse is converted to an electric pulse in the receiver, then is amplified and imaged on a monitor. A processor produces a two- or three-dimension image of the lesion, localizing the location of the sound and indicating the size of a lesion and its temperature by the amplitude of the sound pulse,

In one embodiment, photoacoustic imaging is used for a very early stage diagnosis of cancerous lesion that are less than 2 mm in diameter, which are radiographically invisible without knowing their exact location in the body.

In one embodiment using photoacoustic technology and a specific or non-specific tumor biomarker, a very small lesion (<2 mm in diameter) is imaged in the body when the tumor has not caused any clinical symptom. The inventive method thus is used to differentiate a malignant lesion from a benign lesion, even if the cancerous lesion is inside a begin lesion. It is noteworthy that biopsy of these very small tumors, even when the lesion is visible, e.g., on skin or under the retina, may not yield malignant cells if the biopsy is performed on a part of the lesion that contains benign cells. With tumors in the brain, it is most often the case that the tumors will not be noted, absent a neurological symptom.

In one embodiment, the inventive method is used with specific biomarkers of a tumor such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, glioma, pancreatic malignancies, along with nonspecific biomarkers. The location and size of a malignant tumor in any organ is imaged in a patient with a genetic propensity to develop a tumor. The thermal energy may also be applied, if desired, to treat the lesion simultaneously with providing the photoacoustic effect. Subsequent evaluation of the level of these biomarkers in the blood indicate if the lesion was damaged or eliminated by the method, including use of medicaments and/or other treatment agents delivered by the method as cargo in the nanoparticles.

In one embodiment, a combination of biomarkers can be used in an early stage. For example, specific or nonspecific bio-markers such as glycosaminoglycans can be used in imaging a malignant lesion using antibody-coated nanoparticles to photoacoustically image the presence of a very small early stage tumor anywhere in the body.

In another embodiment, the inventive method is employed to determine residual tumor cells that may have left at the site of a tumor resection or elsewhere in the body, and to treat or eliminate the residual tumor cells.

In another embodiment, the functionalized nanoparticles are conjugated with one of the recombinant, monoclonal, or polyclonal antibodies or aptamers known in the art and administered along with either one or more toxin(s) or antibodies, along with a medication that is provided at a much lower dose systemically to kill the already compromised tumor cells. Monoclonal antibodies that may be used include, but are not limited to, those shown in Table 1, e.g., rituximab, obinuzumab, oftumumab, etc.

TABLE 1 Name Trade name Type Source Target Use 3F8 mab mouse GD2 neuroblastoma 8H9 mab mouse B7-H3 neuroblastoma, sarcoma, metastatic brain cancers Abagovomab mab mouse CA-125 (imitation) ovarian cancer Abciximab ReoPro Fab chimeric CD41 (integrin platelet aggregation alpha-IIb) inhibitor Abituzumab mab humanized CD51 cancer Abrilumab mab human integrin α4β7 inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease Actoxumab mab human Clostridium difficile Clostridium difficile infection Adalimumab Humira mab human TNF-α Rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's Disease, Plaque Psoriasis, Psoriatic Arthritis, Ankylosing Spondylitis, Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, Hemolytic disease of the newborn Adecatumumab mab human EpCAM prostate and breast cancer Aducanumab mab human beta-amyloid Alzheimer's disease Afelimomab F(ab′)₂ mouse TNF-α sepsis Afutuzumab mab humanized CD20 lymphoma Alacizumab pegol F(ab′)₂ humanized VEGFR2 cancer ALD518 ? humanized IL-6 rheumatoid arthritis Alemtuzumab Campath, mab humanized CD52 Multiple sclerosis MabCampath Alirocumab mab human NARP-1 hypercholesterolemia Altumomab Hybri-ceaker mab mouse CEA colorectal cancer pentetate (diagnosis) Amatuximab mab chimeric mesothelin cancer Anatumomab Fab mouse TAG-72 non-small cell lung mafenatox carcinoma Anetumab mab human MSLN cancer ravtansine Anifrolumab mab human interferon α/β systemic lupus receptor erythematosus Anrukinzumab mab humanized IL-13 ? (=IMA-638⁾ Apolizumab mab humanized HLA-DR ? hematological cancers Arcitumomab CEA-Scan Fab′ mouse CEA gastrointestinal cancers (diagnosis) Ascrinvacumab mab human activin receptor-like cancer kinase 1 Aselizumab mab humanized L-selectin (CD62L) severely injured patients Atezolizumab mab humanized CD274 cancer Atinumab mab human RTN4 ? Atlizumab Actemra, mab humanized IL-6 receptor rheumatoid arthritis (=tocilizumab) RoActemra Atorolimumab mab human Rhesus factor hemolytic disease of the newborn[citation needed] Bapineuzumab mab humanized beta amyloid Alzheimer's disease Basiliximab Simulect mab chimeric CD25 (α chain of prevention of organ IL-2 receptor) transplant rejections Bavituximab mab chimeric phosphatidylserine cancer, viral infections Bectumomab LymphoScan Fab′ mouse CD22 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (detection) Begelomab mab mouse DPP4 ? Belimumab Benlysta, mab human BAFF non-Hodgkin LymphoStat-B lymphoma etc. Benralizumab mab humanized CD125 asthma Bertilimumab mab human CCL11 (eotaxin-1) severe allergic disorders Besilesomab Scintimun mab mouse CEA-related inflammatory lesions antigen and metastases (detection) Bevacizumab Avastin mab humanized VEGF-A metastatic cancer, retinopathy of prematurity Bezlotoxumab mab human Clostridium difficile Clostridium difficile infection Biciromab FibriScint Fab′ mouse fibrin II, beta chain thromboembolism (diagnosis) Bimagrumab mab human ACVR2B myostatin inhibitor Bimekizumab mab humanized IL17A and IL17F ? Bivatuzumab mab humanized CD44 v6 squamous cell mertansine carcinoma Blinatumomab BiTE mouse CD19 cancer Blosozumab mab humanized SOST osteoporosis Bococizumab mab humanized neural apoptosis- dyslipidemia regulated proteinase 1 Brentuximab mab chimeric CD30 (TNFRSF8) hematologic cancers vedotin Briakinumab mab human IL-12, IL-23 psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, multiple sclerosis Brodalumab mab human IL-17 inflammatory diseases Brolucizumab mab humanized VEGFA ? Brontictuzumab mab Notch 1 cancer Canakinumab Ilaris mab human IL-1? rheumatoid arthritis Cantuzumab mab humanized mucin CanAg colorectal cancer etc. mertansine Cantuzumab mab humanized MUC1 cancers ravtansine Caplacizumab mab humanized VWF thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, thrombosis Capromab Prostascint mab mouse prostatic carcinoma prostate cancer pendetide cells (detection) Carlumab mab human MCP-1 oncology/immune indications Catumaxomab Removab 3funct rat/mouse hybrid EpCAM, CD3 ovarian cancer, malignant ascites, gastric cancer cBR96-doxorubicin mab humanized Lewis-Y antigen cancer immunoconjugate Cedelizumab mab humanized CD4 prevention of organ transplant rejections, treatment of autoimmune diseases Certolizumab pegol Cimzia Fab′ humanized TNF-α Crohn's disease Cetuximab Erbitux mab chimeric EGFR metastatic colorectal cancer and head and neck cancer Ch.14.18 mab chimeric ??? neuroblastoma Citatuzumab Fab humanized EpCAM ovarian cancer and bogatox other solid tumors Cixutumumab mab human IGF-1 receptor solid tumors Clazakizumab mab humanized Oryctolagus rheumatoid arthritis cuniculus Clenoliximab mab chimeric CD4 rheumatoid arthritis Clivatuzumab hPAM4-Cide mab humanized MUC1 pancreatic cancer tetraxetan Codrituzumab mab humanized glypican 3 cancer Coltuximab mab chimeric CD19 cancer ravtansine Conatumumab mab human TRAIL-R2 cancer Concizumab mab humanized TFPI bleeding Crenezumab mab humanized 1-40-β-amyloid Alzheimer's disease CR6261 mab human Influenza A infectious hemagglutinin disease/influenza A Dacetuzumab mab humanized CD40 hematologic cancers Daclizumab Zenapax mab humanized CD25 (α chain of prevention of organ IL-2 receptor) transplant rejections Dalotuzumab^([39]) mab humanized insulin-like growth cancer etc. factor I receptor Dapirolizumab mab humanized CD40 ligand ? pegol Daratumumab mab human CD38 (cyclic ADP cancer ribose hydrolase) Dectrekumab mab human IL-13 ? Demcizumab mab humanized DLL4 cancer Denintuzumab mab humanized CD19 cancer mafodotin Denosumab Prolia mab human RANKL osteoporosis, bone metastases etc. Derlotuximab biotin mab chimeric histone complex recurrent glioblastoma multiforme Detumomab mab mouse B-lymphoma cell lymphoma Dinutuximab mab chimeric ganglioside GD2 neuroblastoma Diridavumab mab human hemagglutinin influenza A Dorlimomab aritox F(ab′)₂ mouse ? ? Drozitumab mab human DR5 cancer etc. Duligotumab mab human HER3 ? Dupilumab mab human IL4 atopic diseases Durvalumab mab human CD274 cancer Dusigitumab mab human ILGF2 cancer Ecromeximab mab chimeric GD3 ganglioside malignant melanoma Eculizumab Soliris mab humanized C5 paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Edobacomab mab mouse endotoxin sepsis caused by Gram-negative bacteria Edrecolomab Panorex mab mouse EpCAM colorectal carcinoma Efalizumab Raptiva mab humanized LFA-1 (CD11a) psoriasis (blocks T- cell migration) Efungumab Mycograb scFv human Hsp90 invasive Candida infection Eldelumab mab human interferon gamma- Crohn's disease, induced protein ulcerative colitis Elgemtumab mab human ERBB3 cancer Elotuzumab mab humanized SLAMF7 multiple myeloma Elsilimomab mab mouse IL-6 ? Emactuzumab mab humanized CSF1R cancer Emibetuzumab mab humanized HHGFR cancer Enavatuzumab mab humanized TWEAK receptor cancer etc. Enfortumab vedotin mab human AGS-22M6 cancer expressing Nectin-4 Enlimomab pegol mab mouse ICAM-1 (CD54) ? Enoblituzumab mab humanized B7-H3 cancer Enokizumab mab humanized IL9 asthma Enoticumab mab human DLL4 ? Ensituximab mab chimeric 5AC cancer Epitumomab mab mouse episialin ? cituxetan Epratuzumab mab humanized CD22 cancer, SLE Erlizumab F(ab′)₂ humanized ITGB2 (CD18) heart attack, stroke, traumatic shock Ertumaxomab Rexomun 3funct rat/mouse hybrid HER2/neu, CD3 breast cancer etc. Etaracizumab Abegrin mab humanized integrin αvβ3 melanoma, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer etc. Etrolizumab mab humanized integrin α7 β7 inflammatory bowel disease Evinacumab mab human angiopoietin 3 dyslipidemia Evolocumab mab human PCSK9 hypercholesterolemia Exbivirumab mab human hepatitis B surface hepatitis B antigen Fanolesomab NeutroSpec mab mouse CD15 appendicitis (diagnosis) Faralimomab mab mouse interferon receptor ? Farletuzumab mab humanized folate receptor 1 ovarian cancer Fasinumab mab human HNGF acute sciatic pain FBTA05 Lymphomun 3funct rat/mouse hybrid CD20 chronic lymphocytic leukaemia Felvizumab mab humanized respiratory syncytial respiratory syncytial virus virus infection Fezakinumab mab human IL-22 rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis Ficlatuzumab mab humanized HGF cancer etc. Figitumumab mab human IGF-1 receptor adrenocortical carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma etc. Firivumab mab human influenza A virus ? hemagglutinin Flanvotumab mab human TYRP1(glycoprotein melanoma 75) Fletikumab mab human IL 20 rheumatoid arthritis Fontolizumab HuZAF mab humanized IFN-γ Crohn's disease etc. Foralumab mab human CD3 epsilon ? Foravirumab mab human rabies virus rabies (prophylaxis) glycoprotein Fresolimumab mab human TGF-β idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, cancer Fulranumab mab human NGF pain Futuximab mab chimeric EGFR ? Galiximab mab chimeric CD80 B-cell lymphoma Ganitumab mab human IGF-1 cancer Gantenerumab mab human beta amyloid Alzheimer's disease Gavilimomab mab mouse CD147 (basigin) graft versus host disease Gemtuzumab Mylotarg mab humanized CD33 acute myelogenous ozogamicin leukemia Gevokizumab mab humanized IL-1β diabetes etc. Girentuximab Rencarex mab chimeric carbonic anhydrase clear cell renal cell 9 (CA-1X) carcinoma[81] Glembatumumab mab human GPNMB melanoma, breast vedotin cancer Golimumab Simponi mab human TNF-α rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis Gomiliximab mab chimeric CD23 (IgE receptor) allergic asthma Guselkumab mab human IL23 psoriasis Ibalizumab mab humanized CD4 HIV infection Ibritumomab Zevalin mab mouse CD20 non-Hodgkin's tiuxetan lymphoma Icrucumab mab human VEGFR-1 cancer etc. Idarucizumab mab humanized dabigatran reversal of anticoagulant effects of dabigatran Igovomab Indimacis- F(ab′)₂ mouse CA-125 ovarian cancer 125 (diagnosis) IMAB362 mab human CLDN18.2 gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and pancreatic tumor Imalumab mab human MIF cancer Imciromab Myoscint mab mouse cardiac myosin cardiac imaging Imgatuzumab mab humanized EGFR cancer Inclacumab mab human selectin P ? Indatuximab mab chimeric SDC1 cancer ravtansine Indusatumab mab human GUCY2C cancer vedotin Infliximab Remicade mab chimeric TNF-α rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis Intetumumab mab human CD51 solid tumors (prostate cancer, melanoma) Inolimomab mab mouse CD25 (α chain of graft versus host IL-2 receptor) disease Inotuzumab mab humanized CD22 cancer ozogamicin Ipilimumab Yervoy mab human CD152 melanoma Iratumumab mab human CD30 (TNFRSF8) Hodgkin's lymphoma Isatuximab mab chimeric CD38 cancer Itolizumab mab humanized CD6 ? Ixekizumab mab humanized IL-17A autoimmune diseases Keliximab mab chimeric CD4 chronic asthma Labetuzumab CEA-Cide mab humanized CEA colorectal cancer Lambrolizumab mab humanized PDCD1 antineoplastic agent Lampalizumab mab humanized CFD ? Lebrikizumab mab humanized IL-13 asthma Lemalesomab mab mouse NCA-90 diagnostic agent (granulocyte antigen) Lenzilumab mab human CSF2 ? Lerdelimumab mab human TGF beta 2 reduction of scarring after glaucoma surgery Lexatumumab mab human TRAIL-R2 cancer Libivirumab mab human hepatitis B surface hepatitis B antigen Lifastuzumab mab humanized phosphate-sodium cancer vedotin co-transporter Ligelizumab mab humanized IGHE severe asthma and chronic spontaneous urticaria Lilotomab mab mouse CD37 cancer satetraxetan Lintuzumab mab humanized CD33 cancer Lirilumab mab human KIR2D ? Lodelcizumab mab humanized PCSK9 hypercholesterolemia Lokivetmab mab veterinary Canis lupus ? familiaris IL31 Lorvotuzumab mab humanized CD56 cancer mertansine Lucatumumab mab human CD40 multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma Lulizumab pegol mab humanized CD28 autoimmune diseases Lumiliximab mab chimeric CD23 (IgE receptor) chronic lymphocytic leukemia Lumretuzumab mab humanized ERBB3 cancer Mapatumumab mab human TRAIL-R1 cancer Margetuximab mab humanized ch4D5 cancer Maslimomab ? mouse T-cell receptor ? Mavrilimumab mab human GMCSF receptor α- rheumatoid arthritis chain Matuzumab mab humanized EGFR colorectal, lung and stomach cancer Mepolizumab Bosatria mab humanized IL-5 asthma and white blood cell diseases Metelimumab mab human TGF beta 1 systemic scleroderma Milatuzumab mab humanized CD74 multiple myeloma and other hematological malignancies Minretumomab mab mouse TAG-72 tumor detection (and therapy?) Mirvetuximab mab chimeric folate receptor cancer soravtansine alpha Mitumomab mab mouse GD3 ganglioside small cell lung carcinoma Mogamulizumab mab humanized CCR4 cancer Morolimumab mab human Rhesus factor ? Motavizumab Numax mab humanized respiratory syncytial respiratory syncytial virus virus (prevention) Moxetumomab mab mouse CD22 cancer pasudotox Muromonab-CD3 Orthoclone mab mouse CD3 prevention of organ OKT3 transplant rejections Nacolomab Fab mouse C242 antigen colorectal cancer tafenatox Namilumab mab human CSF2 ? Naptumomab Fab mouse 5T4 non-small cell lung estafenatox carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma Narnatumab mab human RON cancer Natalizumab Tysabri mab humanized integrin α4 multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease Nebacumab mab human endotoxin sepsis Necitumumab mab human EGFR non-small cell lung carcinoma Nemolizumab mab humanized IL31RA ? Nerelimomab mab mouse TNF-α ? Nesvacumab mab human angiopoietin 2 cancer Nimotuzumab Theracim, mab humanized EGFR squamous cell Theraloc carcinoma, head and neck cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, glioma Nivolumab mab human PD-1 cancer Nofetumomab Verluma Fab mouse ? cancer (diagnosis) merpentan Obiltoxaximab mab chimeric Bacillus anthracis Bacillus anthracis anthrax spores Obinutuzumab Gazyva mab humanized CD20 Chronic lymphatic leukemia Ocaratuzumab mab humanized CD20 cancer Ocrelizumab mab humanized CD20 rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus etc. Odulimomab mab mouse LFA-1 (CD11a) prevention of organ transplant rejections, immunological diseases Ofatumumab Arzerra mab human CD20 chronic lymphocytic leukemia etc. Olaratumab mab human PDGF-R α cancer Olokizumab mab humanized IL6 ? Omalizumab Xolair mab humanized IgE Fc region allergic asthma Onartuzumab mab humanized human scatter cancer factor receptor kinase Ontuxizumab mab chimeric/humanized TEM1 cancer Opicinumab¹ mab human LINGO-1 multiple sclerosis Oportuzumab scFv humanized EpCAM cancer monatox Oregovomab OvaRex mab mouse CA-125 ovarian cancer Orticumab mab human oxLDL ? Otelixizumab mab chimeric/humanized CD3 diabetes mellitus type 1 Otlertuzumab mab humanized CD37 cancer Oxelumab mab human OX-40 asthma Ozanezumab mab humanized NOGO-A ALS and multiple sclerosis Ozoralizumab mab humanized TNF-α inflammation Pagibaximab mab chimeric lipoteichoic acid sepsis (Staphylococcus) Palivizumab Synagis, mab humanized F protein of respiratory syncytial Abbosynagis respiratory syncytial virus (prevention) virus Panitumumab Vectibix mab human EGFR colorectal cancer Pankomab mab humanized tumor specific ovarian cancer glycosylation of MUC1 Panobacumab mab human Pseudomonas Pseudomonas aeruginosa aeruginosa infection Parsatuzumab mab human EGFL7 cancer Pascolizumab mab humanized IL-4 asthma Pasotuxizumab mab chimeric/humanized folate hydrolase cancer Pateclizumab mab humanized LTA TNF Patritumab mab human HER3 cancer Pembrolizumab mab humanized PDCD1 cancer etc. Pemtumomab Theragyn ? mouse MUC1 cancer Perakizumab mab humanized IL17A arthritis Pertuzumab Omnitarg mab humanized HER2/neu cancer Pexelizumab scFv humanized C5 reduction of side effects of cardiac surgery Pidilizumab mab humanized PD-1 cancer and infectious diseases Pinatuzumab mab humanized CD22 cancer vedotin Pintumomab mab mouse adenocarcinoma adenocarcinoma antigen (imaging) Placulumab mab human human TNF ? Polatuzumab mab humanized CD79B cancer vedotin Ponezumab mab humanized human beta- Alzheimer's disease amyloid Priliximab mab chimeric CD4 Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis Pritoxaximab mab chimeric E. coli shiga toxin ? type-1 Pritumumab mab human vimentin brain cancer PRO 140 ? humanized CCR5 HIV infection Quilizumab mab humanized IGHE asthma Racotumomab mab mouse N- cancer glycolylneuraminic acid Radretumab mab human fibronectin extra cancer domain-B Rafivirumab mab human rabies virus rabies (prophylaxis) glycoprotein Ralpancizumab mab humanized neural apoptosis- dyslipidemia regulated proteinase 1 Ramucirumab Cyramza mab human VEGFR2 solid tumors Ranibizumab Lucentis Fab humanized VEGF-A macular degeneration (wet form) Raxibacumab mab human anthrax toxin, anthrax (prophylaxis protective antigen and treatment) Refanezumab mab humanized myelin-associated recovery of motor glycoprotein function after stroke Regavirumab mab human cytomegalovirus cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B infection Reslizumab mab humanized IL-5 inflammations of the airways, skin and gastrointestinal tract Rilotumumab mab human HGF solid tumors Rinucumab mab human platelet-derived neovascular age- growth factor related macular receptor beta degeneration Rituximab MabThera, mab chimeric CD20 lymphomas, Rituxan leukemias, some autoimmune disorders Robatumumab mab human IGF-1 receptor cancer Roledumab mab human RHD ? Romosozumab mab humanized sclerostin osteoporosis Rontalizumab mab humanized IFN-α systemic lupus erythematosus Rovelizumab LeukArrest mab humanized CD11, CD18 haemorrhagic shock etc. Ruplizumab Antova mab humanized CD154 (CD40L) rheumatic diseases Sacituzumab mab humanized tumor-associated cancer govitecan calcium signal transducer 2 Samalizumab mab humanized CD200 cancer Sarilumab mab human IL6 rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis Satumomab mab mouse TAG-72 cancer (diagnosis) pendetide Secukinumab mab human IL-17A uveitis, rheumatoid arthritis psoriasis Seribantumab mab human ERBB3 cancer Setoxaximab mab chimeric E. coli shiga toxin ? type-2 Sevirumab ? human cytomegalovirus cytomegalovirus infection Sibrotuzumab mab humanized FAP cancer SGN-CD19A mab humanized CD19 acute lymphoblastic leukemia and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma SGN-CD33A mab humanized CD33 Acute myeloid leukemia Sifalimumab mab humanized IFN-α SLE, dermatomyositis, polymyositis Siltuximab mab chimeric IL-6 cancer Simtuzumab mab humanized LOXL2 fibrosis Siplizumab mab humanized CD2 psoriasis, graft- versus-host disease (prevention) Sirukumab mab human IL-6 rheumatoid arthritis Sofituzumab mab humanized CA 125 ovarian cancer vedotin Solanezumab mab humanized beta amyloid Alzheimer's disease Solitomab mab mouse EpCAM ? Sonepcizumab ? humanized sphingosine-1- choroidal and retinal phosphate neovascularization Sontuzumab mab humanized episialin ? Stamulumab mab human myostatin muscular dystrophy Sulesomab LeukoScan Fab' mouse NCA-90 osteomyelitis (granulocyte (imaging) antigen) Suvizumab mab humanized HIV-1 viral infections Tabalumab mab human BAFF B-cell cancers Tacatuzumab AFP-Cide mab humanized alpha-fetoprotein cancer tetraxetan Tadocizumab Fab humanized integrin αIIbβ3 percutaneous coronary intervention Talizumab mab humanized IgE allergic reaction Tanezumab mab humanized NGF pain Taplitumomab mab mouse CD19 cancer[citation paptox needed] Tarextumab mab human Notch receptor cancer Tefibazumab Aurexis mab humanized clumping factor A Staphylococcus aureus infection Telimomab aritox Fab mouse ? ? Tenatumomab mab mouse tenascin C cancer Teneliximab mab chimeric CD40 ? Teplizumab mab humanized CD3 diabetes mellitus type 1 Teprotumumab mab human CD221 hematologic tumors Tesidolumab mab human C5 ? TGN1412 ? humanized CD28 chronic lymphocytic leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis Ticilimumab mab human CTLA-4 cancer (=tremelimumab) Tildrakizumab mab humanized IL23 immunologically mediated inflammatory disorders Tigatuzumab mab humanized TRAIL-R2 cancer TNX-650 ? humanized IL-13 Hodgkin's lymphoma Tocilizumab[6] Actemra, mab humanized IL-6 receptor rheumatoid arthritis (=atlizumab) RoActemra Toralizumab mab humanized CD154 (CD40L) rheumatoid arthritis, lupus nephritis etc. Tosatoxumab mab human Staphylococcus ? aureus Tositumomab Bexxar ? mouse CD20 follicular lymphoma Tovetumab mab human CD140a cancer Tralokinumab mab human IL-13 asthma etc. Trastuzumab Herceptin mab humanized HER2/neu breast cancer TRBS07 Ektomab 3funct ? GD2 melanoma Tregalizumab mab humanized CD4 ? Tremelimumab mab human CTLA-4 cancer Trevogrumab mab human growth muscle atrophy due differentiation factor 8 to orthopedic disuse and sarcopenia Tucotuzumab mab humanized EpCAM cancer celmoleukin Tuvirumab ? human hepatitis B virus chronic hepatitis B Ublituximab mab chimeric MS4A1 cancer Ulocuplumab mab human C—X—C chemokine hematologic receptor type 4 malignancies Urelumab mab human 4-1BB cancer etc. Urtoxazumab mab humanized Escherichia coli diarrhoea caused by E. coli Ustekinumab Stelara mab human IL-12, IL-23 multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis Vandortuzumab mab humanized STEAP1 cancer vedotin Vantictumab mab human Frizzled receptor cancer Vanucizumab mab humanized angiopoietin 2 cancer Vapaliximab mab chimeric AOC3 (VAP-1) ? Varlilumab mab human CD27 ? Vatelizumab mab humanized ITGA2 ? Vedolizumab mab humanized integrin α4β7 Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis Veltuzumab mab humanized CD20 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Vepalimomab mab mouse AOC3 (VAP-1) inflammation Vesencumab mab human NRP1 ? Visilizumab Nuvion mab humanized CD3 Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis Volociximab mab chimeric integrin α5β1 solid tumors Vorsetuzumab mab humanized CD70 cancer mafodotin Votumumab HumaSPECT mab human tumor antigen colorectal tumors CTAA16.88 Zalutumumab HuMax-EGFr mab human EGFR squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck Zanolimumab HuMax-CD4 mab human CD4 rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, T-cell lymphoma Zatuximab mab chimeric HER1 cancer Ziralimumab mab human CD147 (basigin) ? Zolimomab aritox mab mouse CD5 systemic lupus erythematosus, graft- versus-host disease

In another embodiment using photoacoustic technology, the circulating tumor, exosomes, or extracellular vesicles in the blood are quantified non-invasively by having a thermal energy source such as laser microwave, RF, or other unit mounted on the patient's wrist, neck, etc. and a receiver to count and record the sound wave generated by circulating cells to which the antibody-coated nanoparticles are attached.

In another embodiment, the ultrasonic receiver of the photacoustic unit is an array of ultrasonic receivers mounted on a hand held probe. The hand held probe contacts the patient's skin via a gel placed over the area suspected to contain a tumor or lesion. It simultaneously records multiple photoacoustic signals from the lesion during thermal energy application. Thermal energy applied pulses can range from one per second to a million times or more per second. Each time a thermal pulse reaches the nanoparticles, the nanoparticles expand and create a photoacoustic response that is recorded by the photoacoustic receiver.

The probe can be moved in any direction, e.g., up and down, side to side, etc., over the skin while recording the sound waves from the nanoparticles. Using a processor in the photoacoustic unit, one uses the photoacoustic response data to construct a two- or three-dimensional image of the tumor. The hand held probe permits scanning any bodily surface, including but not limited to breast, eye, CNS, spinal cord, extremities, internal organs, eye, nose, chest, trachea, throat, abdomen, and urogenital organs. The data from the ultrasonic array probe of the photoacoustic unit is stored in a computer during the probe's motion, permitting video construction showing tumor shape, structure, location, etc. for video presentation, evaluation, and archiving.

In one embodiment, the unit is capable of storing vast quantities of data from photoacoustic signals. The unit is also capable of storing vast quantities of data from non-stationary tissues, e.g., circulating tumor cells and exosomes in blood vessels, that have accumulated antibody coated nanoparticles on their cell membranes. The targeted cells can also be any normal or abnormal circulating cell in the blood or lymphatic system. The photoacoustic unit reproduces signals from these mobile cells and/or exosomes as photoacoustic cinematography/angiography or video.

In one embodiment, the cinematography or video recording is done by the photoacoustic unit recording at least 30 frames/second of photoacoustic signals, and converting them into an image of a moving object. A cinematography or video is performed by obtaining at least 30 frames of photos of a moving object per second. In photoacoustic videography or photoacoustic angiography, 30 or more frames of pulse signals from the heated nanoparticles per second are needed to reproduce or convert the still images to a moving object, e.g., blood flow, etc. by the unit. Use of such a system is known: Peyman et al. Ophthalmic Surg Laser Imaging 43 (2012) 143-51 doi: 10.3928.15428877-20120105-01 showing, however, lower resolution because no nanoparticles or photoacoustic imaging system was employed, and expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

In one embodiment the photoacoustic processor converts the microscopic still images to a video or photoacoustic angiography; since the only moving parts in the vessels that are targeted with antibody coated nanoparticles are the circulating tumor cells or exosomes, extracellular vesicles or bubbles covered with antibody coated nanoparticles that are heated by a pulse of thermal energy produces an internal ultrasonic pulse signal recorded by the photoacoustic receiver. A moving image of the cells and exosomes can be created by the unit whether the cells are on the tumor interior or exterior.

Nanoparticle assisted photoacoustic video-angiography or nanoparticle assisted photoacoustic cinematography is novel and inventive. All “photoacoustic” terminology has previously been used for describing tissue heating or the difference in the temperature between two tissues, vessels vs. skin, and has been done with light alone, not in combination with nanoparticles. In one embodiment, the method is performed for therapy by providing the patient with at least one antibody-coated functionalized nanoparticle having a detectable property, with the antibody targeting the functionalized nanoparticle to a specific patient site, then heating the nanoparticles to generate a photoacoustic signal, i.e., thermal therapy, and imaging to visualize any localized nanoparticle at the site. The ultrasonic receiver of the photoacoustic unit is an array of ultrasonic receivers mounted on a hand held probe simultaneously recording multiple photoacoustic signals from the lesion during thermal energy application which in one embodiment is pulsating. The array of ultrasonic receivers of the photoacoustic unit mounted on a hand held probe simultaneously records multiple photoacoustic signals from the lesion or vessels during thermal energy application, reproducing motion of moving nanoparticles and/or cells as a nanoparticle assisted photoacoustic video-angiography or nanoparticle assisted photoacoustic cinematography.

In another embodiment, software associated with the photoacoustic unit can enhance either or both the photoacoustic signals and resulting images. Enhancement may facilitate differentiating exosomes from circulating cells due to the smaller exosome size. All exosomes or other types of extracellular vesicles are less than one micron; in contrast, tumor cells are five to twenty times larger than exosomes. The inventive system for the first time permits in vivo observation and separation of exosomes from tumor cells, and separation of circulating tumor cells from a tumor mass. The separated cells or cell structures can be observed, counted, and quantified to assess the therapeutic effect of a procedure on tumor cells.

In another embodiment, after imaging and therapy, the biomarkers are collected from liquid biopsies and compared with those obtained prior to therapy in different post-operative periods to confirm the therapeutic effect of the procedure and prognosticate the condition.

In another embodiment, the antibody coated nanoparticles are conjugated and administered with checkpoint inhibitors along with known immune therapy agents and vaccines to facilitate circulating killer cells attack and removal of tumor cells.

In another embodiment, polymeric nanoparticles or polysaccharide or synthetic polymers conjugated with biomarkers are administered to enhance a vaccination effect and are taken up by antigen presenting cells.

The embodiments shown and described in the specification are only specific embodiments of inventors who are skilled in the art and are not limiting in any way. Therefore, various changes, modifications, or alterations to those embodiments may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention in the scope of the following claims. The references cited are expressly incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A treatment evaluation method comprising analyzing a liquid biopsy sample from a patient for the presence of at least one detectable biomarker of a lesion for which the patient has a family history of predisposition before there is any clinical manifestation or radiographic evidence of the lesion, generating one or more anti-tumor antibodies based upon the at least one biomarker of the lesion detected in the liquid biopsy sample, conjugating the one or more anti-tumor antibodies with nanoparticles to form functionalized antibody-coated nanoparticles, administering, to the patient, the functionalized antibody-coated nanoparticles having a detectable property, the nanoparticles being further coated with a thermosensitive polymer coating, heating the nanoparticles with an energy source to generate photoacoustic signals, performing photoacoustic imaging with a photoacoustic imager to visualize any locally accumulated nanoparticles at a body site in the patient, imaging the lesion at the site so as to determine the location of the lesion in or on the body of the patient by means of the locally accumulated nanoparticles, the lesion being otherwise radiographically undetectable absent the locally accumulated nanoparticles, where the heating of the nanoparticles with the energy source further comprises heating the nanoparticles from a body temperature of 37° C. to a temperature between 40° C. and 43° C. to melt the thermosensitive polymer coating and release at least one of a medication, a gene together with a CRISPR/cas9 complex, or a checkpoint inhibitor from the nanoparticles, treating the patient for the lesion by the release of the at least one medication, gene together with the CRISPR/cas9 complex, or checkpoint inhibitor from the nanoparticles locally at the location of the lesion, and performing the method at least one time post-treatment to evaluate the treatment outcome quantifying the presence or absence of circulating cells or exosomes in the patient.
 2. The method of claim 1 where the functionalized antibody-coated nanoparticles further comprise a toxin present in an amount to provide the patient a dose lower than a conventional dose of the toxin due to the presence of tumor cells previously compromised by the method.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the biomarker is selected from the group consisting of CEA for both malignant pleural effusion and peritoneal cancer dissemination; estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor (ER/PR), HER-2/neu, EGFR for breast cancer, and TIMP-1 associated with serum HER2-positive breast cancer; bladder tumor antigen for urothelial cell carcinoma; thyroglobulin for thyroid cancer metastasis; α-fetoprotein for hepatocellular carcinoma; PSA for prostate cancer; CA 125 for non-small cell lung cancer; CA 19.9 for pancreatic cancer; CA 15.3 for breast cancer; the combination of leptin, prolactin, osteopontin, and IGF-II for ovarian cancer; the combination of CD98, fascin, sPIgR, and 14-3-3 eta for lung cancer; troponin I for myocardial infarction, B-type natriuretic peptide for congestive heart failure; KRAS and UGT1A1 for colorectal cancer; HER-2/neu for gastric cancer; c-KIT, CD20 antigen, CD30, FIP1L1-PDGRF alpha, and PDGFR for GIST; Philadelphia Chromosome (BCR/ABL)/PML/RAR alpha and TPMT/UGT1A1/ALK EGFR for leukemia/lymphoma; KRAS/EGFR for lung cancer, BRAF and S100 for melanoma; loss of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in breast cancer; RNA such as mRNA, microRNA; glycosaminoglycans, alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline in skeletal involvement; hyaluronic acid excretion and urinary hydroxyproline in bone disease, and combinations thereof.
 4. The method of claim 1 where the nanoparticles in the functionalized antibody-coated nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of nanoparticles rendered magnetic by coating with a thin film of iron oxide prior to their conjugation with biomarkers; nanoparticles with increased biocompatibility by coating with at least one of (poly)ethylene glycol, cell penetrating peptide (CPP), activating CPP (ACPP), biotin, or streptavidin prior to patient administration; nanoparticles incorporated in liposomes containing at least medication; nanoparticles combined with biodendrimers that are conjugated with biomarkers and monoclonal antibodies or genes, or monoclonal antibodies and genes, for simultaneous visualization and therapy; nanoparticles rendered radioactive by coating with alpha or beta radiators that are antibody specific or nonspecific biomarkers of the tumor; and combinations thereof.
 5. The method of claim 1 where the biomarker is selected from the group consisting of a cell free nucleic acid-based biomarker, a protein-based biomarker, an extracellular vesicle (EV)-based biomarker, a circulating tumor cell (CTC)-based biomarker, and combinations thereof.
 6. The method of claim 1 where the lesion is as small as two millimeters in diameter.
 7. The method of claim 1 where the site of the lesion is selected from the group consisting of (i) on a skin surface of the patient, (ii) in an eye of the patient, (iii) in a body cavity of the patient, (iv) in the genitourinary tract of the patient, (v) in the nose of the patient, (vi) in a throat of the patient, and (vii) in a bladder of the patient.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more anti-tumor antibodies comprises a plurality of anti-tumor antibodies, at least a portion of the nanoparticles are quantum dots, and wherein the method further comprises (a) conjugating one or more of the plurality of anti-tumor antibodies with the quantum dots to form functionalized antibody-coated quantum dots; (b) administering the functionalized antibody-coated quantum dots to the patient to bind to the lesion; and (c) applying a specific wavelength of light to the quantum dots bound to the lesion, the specific wavelength of light being absorbed by the quantum dots bound to the lesion and, as a result of being excited by the specific wavelength of light, the quantum dots bound to the lesion emitting a different wavelength of light so as to make the lesion visible at the site in or on the body of the patient and indicate the presence of the lesion coupled with the antibody-coated quantum dots.
 9. The method of claim 1 where the antibody is selected from the group consisting of a recombinant antibody, a monoclonal antibody, a polyclonal antibody, an aptamer, and combinations thereof.
 10. The method of claim 1 where the liquid biopsy sample comprises a body fluid selected from the group consisting of blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CFS), aqueous or vitreous or abdominal cavity fluid, lymph node fluid, bladder fluid, milk duct fluid, sputum, gastric fluid, bile duct fluid, sinus fluid, and combinations thereof.
 11. The method of claim 1 where the functionalized antibody-coated nanoparticles further comprise at least one checkpoint inhibitor, and the method is performed on a patient receiving immunotherapy or a vaccine, or immunotherapy and a vaccine, the method facilitating the immunotherapy or vaccine therapy and removal of the tumor cells.
 12. The method of claim 1 where the lesion is a malignant lesion interior to a benign lesion.
 13. The method of claim 12 where the lesion is inside a uterine fibroma, or is a melanoma inside a skin nevus or a seborrheic keratosis.
 14. The method of claim 1 where heating the functionalized antibody-coated nanoparticles uses a source of thermal energy.
 15. The method of claim 14 where the thermal energy is selected from the group consisting of electromagnetic radiation, visible light, invisible light, infrared radiation, and combinations thereof.
 16. The method of claim 1 further comprising heating the functionalized antibody-coated nanoparticles to 45° C. to 47° C. or 50° C. to kill a suspected tumor to which the functionalized antibody-coated nanoparticles are attached.
 17. The method of claim 16 where heating of the functionalized antibody-coated nanoparticles is controlled by a processor, the processor under the control of the photoacoustic imager, the photoacoustic imager including an ultrasonic receiver configured to record the photoacoustic signals.
 18. A treatment evaluation method comprising analyzing a liquid biopsy sample from a patient for the presence of at least one detectable biomarker of a lesion for which the patient has a family history of predisposition before there is any clinical manifestation or radiographic evidence of the lesion, conjugating a plurality of non-specific anti-tumor antibodies with nanoparticles to form functionalized antibody-coated nanoparticles, administering, to the patient, the functionalized antibody-coated nanoparticles having a detectable property, the nanoparticles being further coated with a thermosensitive polymer coating, heating the nanoparticles with an energy source to generate photoacoustic signals, performing photoacoustic imaging with a photoacoustic imager to visualize any locally accumulated nanoparticles at a body site in the patient, imaging the lesion at the site so as to determine the temperature and the location of the lesion in or on the body of the patient by means of the locally accumulated nanoparticles, the lesion being otherwise radiographically undetectable absent the locally accumulated nanoparticles, where the heating of the nanoparticles with the energy source further comprises heating the nanoparticles from a body temperature of 37° C. to a temperature between 40° C. and 43° C. to melt the thermosensitive polymer coating and release at least one of a medication, a gene together with a CRISPR/cas9 complex, or a checkpoint inhibitor from the nanoparticles, treating the patient for the lesion by the release of the at least one medication, gene together with the CRISPR/cas9 complex, or checkpoint inhibitor from the nanoparticles locally at the location of the lesion, and performing the method at least one time post-treatment to evaluate the treatment outcome quantifying the presence or absence of circulating cells or exosomes in the patient.
 19. The method of claim 18 where the biomarker is selected from the group consisting of a cell free nucleic acid-based biomarker, a protein-based biomarker, an extracellular vesicle (EV)-based biomarker, a circulating tumor cell (CTC)-based biomarker, and combinations thereof.
 20. The method of claim 18 where the lesion is as small as two millimeters in diameter.
 21. The method of claim 18 where the site of the lesion is selected from the group consisting of (i) on a skin surface of the patient, (ii) in an eye of the patient, (iii) in a body cavity of the patient, (iv) in the genitourinary tract of the patient, (v) in the nose of the patient, (vi) in a throat of the patient, and (vii) in a bladder of the patient.
 22. The method of claim 18 wherein the one or more anti-tumor antibodies comprises a plurality of anti-tumor antibodies, at least a portion of the nanoparticles are quantum dots, and wherein the method further comprises (a) conjugating one or more of the plurality of anti-tumor antibodies with the quantum dots to form functionalized antibody-coated quantum dots; (b) administering the functionalized antibody-coated quantum dots to the patient to bind to the lesion; and (c) applying a specific wavelength of light to the quantum dots bound to the lesion, the specific wavelength of light being absorbed by the quantum dots bound to the lesion and, as a result of being excited by the specific wavelength of light, the quantum dots bound to the lesion emitting a different wavelength of light so as to make the lesion visible at the site in or on the body of the patient and indicate the presence of the lesion coupled with the antibody-coated quantum dots.
 23. The method of claim 18 where the antibody is selected from the group consisting of a recombinant antibody, a monoclonal antibody, a polyclonal antibody, an aptamer, and combinations thereof.
 24. The method of claim 18 where the liquid biopsy sample comprises a body fluid selected from the group consisting of blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CFS), aqueous or vitreous or abdominal cavity fluid, lymph node fluid, bladder fluid, milk duct fluid, sputum, gastric fluid, bile duct fluid, sinus fluid, and combinations thereof.
 25. The method of claim 18 where heating the functionalized antibody-coated nanoparticles uses a source of thermal energy.
 26. The method of claim 25 where the thermal energy is selected from the group consisting of electromagnetic radiation, visible light, invisible light, infrared radiation, and combinations thereof. 